“Slavery didn’t end in history in the Muslim world – it persisted. Sex slavery, male guardianship, human trafficking, acts of war and jihad, militant exploitation, and forced conversion and marriage are codified in Islam. Islamic scripture, classical jurisprudence, and Islamic Colonialism shaped the institution of slavery, and these theological foundations continue to influence modern forms of slavery, which remains an urgent, underreported human rights issue. Addressing these ongoing abuses requires confronting the historical and textual foundations that enable them.”